Add. 17,172

URI: https://bl.syriac.uk/ms/824
Description based on Wright DCCLXXX (759-762) Link to Archive.org Bibliographic record
Date: AD 819-830.
Unspecified Syriac script (multiple hands) ܀ Parchment Codex, 287 leaves.
Features: Decoration
Wright's Subject Classification: Collected Authors; Theology
Extracts from the Scriptures, chiefly of the New Testament, according to the Pěshiṭtā version; Anecdotes of the Egyptian Fathers, being extracts from the works of Palladius and Hieronymus; The history of Antony by Athanasius; Additional excerpts from the Lives of the Egyptian Fathers; The history of Serapion, written by Palladius

Physical Description

Vellum, about 8 3/8 in. by 6 1/4, consisting of 287 leaves, a few of which are much stained and torn, especially foll. 1, 2, 5, 15, 20, 23, and 24. The quires, signed with letters, are 29 in number, the last being imperfect. There are from 24 to 32 lines in each page.

Hand 1 (major, Unspecified Syriac script): This volume is written in a good, regular hand.
Hand 2 (minor, Unspecified Syriac script): See additions.
Decoration (Ornamentation):
Decoration (Ornamentation):

Manuscript Contents

Note: Item numbering updated in digital edition.
Item 1 (Fol. 2b): Extracts from the Scriptures, chiefly of the New Testament, according to the Pěshiṭtā version [defective]
Item 2 (Fol. 2b): Psalm i. 1—3
 
Title:
ܥܠ ܚܝܠܗ ܕܡܪܢ ܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܝܚܐ. ܡ̇ܫܪܝܢܢ ܠܡܟ̣ܬܒ ܟܬܐ ܕܟܘ̈ܢܫܐ ܕܐ̈ܒܗܬܐ ܩ̈ܕܝܫܐ. ܩܕܡܐܝܬ݂. ܪܝܫ ܦܬܓ̈ܡܘܗܝ ܕܡ̇ܠܟܐ̇ ܘܟܗܢܐ̣ ܘܢܒܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܘܝܕ.
Item 3 (Fol. 2b): Extracts from the Gospels
Item 4 (Fol. 2b): From S. Matthew
 
Title:
ܦܘ̈ܩܕܢܐ ܡܢ ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܡ݊ܬܝ
Item 5 (Fol. 2b): From S. Mark
 
Title:
ܡܢ ܡ݊ܪܩܘܣ ܐܘܢܓܠܣܛܐ
Item 6 (Fol. 3b): From S. Luke
 
Title:
ܡܢ ܠܘܩܐ ܡ̇ܣܒܪܢܐ
Item 7 (Fol. 5a): From S. Mark
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܡܢ ܡ݊ܪܩܘܣ ܡܣܒܪܢܐ
Item 8 (Fol. 5b): From S. John
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܕܝܘ݊ܚܢܢ ܫܠܝܚܐ
Item 9 (Fol. 6a): Extracts from the Epistles of S. Paul
 
Title:
ܡܢ ܦܘܠܘܣ ܫܠܝܚܐ
Item 10 (Fol. 6a): From Romans
 
Title:
ܐܝܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܪ̈ܗܘܡܝܐ
Item 11 (Fol. 7a): From Corinthians
 
Title:
ܡܢ ܐܝܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܩܘܪ̈ܢܬܝܐ
Item 12 (Fol. 10a): From Galatians
 
Title:
ܡܢ ܐܝܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܓ̈ܠܛܝܐ
Item 13 (Fol. 10a): From Philippians
 
Title:
ܡܢ ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܦܝ̈ܠܝܦܝܣܝܐ
Item 14 (Fol. 11b): From Timothy
 
Title:
ܡܢ ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܛܝܡܬܐܣ. ܒܪܐ ܕܝܠܗ̣. ܐܘ ܟܝܬ ܬܠܡܝܕܐ
Item 15 (Fol. 12b): From Hebrews
 
Title:
ܡܢ ܐܝܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܥܒܪ̈ܝܐ
Item 16 (Fol. 14b): Extracts from the Epistle of S. James [defective]
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܬܚ̈ܘܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܥܩܘܒ ܫܠܝܚܐ
Item 17 (Fol. 15b): Anecdotes of the Egyptian Fathers, being extracts from the works of Palladius and Hieronymus
 
Title:
ܓܠܝ ܘܚ̇ܘܐ ܠܢ ܐܠܗܐ ܦܪܘܩܢ. ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܗܠܝܢ ܕܡܩ̇ܪ̈ܒܢ ܠܢ ܠܘܬܟ ܕܠܐ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ. ܘܚ̇ܝܠ ܠܢ ܕܒܟܐܢܘܬܐ ܘܒܙܕܝܩܘܬܐ̣. ܢ̇ܫܬܘܫܛ ܒܗ̈ܝܢ ܨܝܕ ܛܝܒܘܬܟ. ܘܢܫ̣ܬܘܐ ܠܥܘܕܪ̈ܢܝܟ ܐܡ̈ܝܢܐ̣. ܠܥܠܡܝܢ ܐܡܝܢ܀ ܬܘܒ ܬܫ̈ܥܝܬܐ ܕܐ̈ܒܗܬܐ
Note: Compare Add. 14,582, no. 2.
Item 18 (Fol. 63b): The history of Antony by Athanasius
 
Title:
ܟܬܒܐ ܕܩܕܝܫܐ ܐܢܛܘܢܝܣ ܢܨ̇ܝܚܐ
Item 19 (Fol. 120a): Additional excerpts from the Lives of the Egyptian Fathers
Item 20 (Fol. 120a): The history of Paul the Simple, the disciple of Antony
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܦܘ݊ܠܐ ܦܫܝܛܐ̣. ܘܬܠܡܝܕܐ ܕܩܕܝܫܐ ܐ݊ܢܛܘܢܝܣ
Item 21 (Fol. 122a): The history of Joseph the Egyptian and Eulogius the Greek
 
Title:
[ܬܘܒ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ] ܕܐܒܐ ܝܘܣܦ ܡܨܪܝܐ̣. ܘܕܐܒܐ ܐܘܠܓܝܘܣ ܝܘܢܝܐ.
Item 22 (Fol. 123a): Pearls, or select sayings, of one of the Fathers of Scete
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܡ̈ܓܒܝܬܐ ܕܣܝ̣̈ܡܢ ܠܚܕ ܡܢ ܐ̈ܒܗܬܐ ܩ̈ܕܝܫܐ ܕܒܡܕܒܪܐ ܕܐܣܩܝܛܐ: ܘܡܬ̣ܩܪ̈ܝܢ ܡܪ̈ܓܢܝܬܐ
  Incipit: ܐ̣̇. ܩܕܝܫܐ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܡܕܒܚܐ̇. ܕܨܠܘܬܐ ܢܓ̇ܕ ܕܝܢ ܠܘܬܢ̣. ܠܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܩ̈ܕܝܫܐ
Note: They are fifty-five (ܢܗ) in number.
Item 23 (Fol. 125a): The history of Abbā Nathaniel
 
Title:
ܥܠ ܐܒܐ ܢܬܢܝܐܝܠ
Item 24 (Fol. 127a): The history of Serapion, written by Palladius
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܟܬܒܐ ܐܘ ܟܝܬ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ. ܕܩܕܝܫܐ ܣܪܦܝܘܢ ܐܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܘܐܒܝܠܐ: ܐܠܗܐ ܥ̇ܕܪ ܠܢ ܒܝܕ ܨ̈ܠܘܬܗ
Item 25 (Fol. 164a): The writings of John the monk, or, as he is also called, the Seer of the Thebaid
 
Title:
ܥܠ ܚܝܠܐ ܘܥܘܕܪܢܐ ܕܬܠܝܬܝܘܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܡ̇ܫܪܝܢܢ ܕܢܟܬܘܒ̣. ܟܬܒܐ ܕܩܕܝܫܐ ܝܘܚܢܢ ܐܝܚܝܕܝܐ̇. ܘܚ̇ܙܝܐ ܕܬܒܐܝܣ
Item 26 (Fol. 164a): The history of John the monk by Palladius, bishop of Jerusalem (sic)
 
Title:
ܩܕܡܐܝܬ ܕܝܢ܆ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܕܛܘܒܢܐ ܝܘܚܢ̣ܢ. ܕܡܟ̣ܬܒܐ ܠܦܠܕ ܐܦܝܣܩܘܦܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ.
Item 27 (Fol. 167a): The letter to Eutropius and Eusebius, on the spiritual life
 
Title:
ܐܓܪܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܐܘܛܪܦܣ ܘܐܘܣܒܣ: ܕܥܒܝܕܐ ܠܡܪܝ ܝܘܚܢܢ ܐܝܚܝܕܝܐ
Item 28 (Fol. 183b): The four discourses in the form of dialogues with Eutropius and Eusebius
Item 29 (Fol. 183b): The first discourse
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܢܝ̈ܫܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܥܠ ܢܦܫܐ. ܘܥܠ ܦ̇ܘܪܫ ܚ̈ܫܐ ܕܒܢܝ̈ܢܫܐ. ܕܦܓܪ̈ܢܐ ܘܢ̈ܦܫܢܐ ܘܪ̈ܘܚܢܐ.
Item 30 (Fol. 200b): The second discourse
 
Title:
ܕܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܥܠ ܦܘܿܪܫ ܚ̈ܫܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ̣. ܘܥܠ ܥ̣ܠܬܐ ܕܙܘ̈ܥܝܗܘܢ. ܘܕܐܝܠܝܢ ܐܢܘܢ ܕܟܝܢܗ̣̇ ܘܕܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܟܝܢܗ̇
Item 31 (Fol. 217a): The third discourse
 
Title:
ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ
Item 32 (Fol. 232b): The fourth discourse
 
Title:
ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܒܥܐ
Item 33 (Fol. 241b): A letter, divided into six chapters
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܝܘ݊ܚܢܢ ܐܝܚܝܕܝܐ. ܕܟܬ̣ܒܗ̇ ܒܪ̈ܝܫܐ
Item 34 (Fol. 247a): An admonitory letter to the solitary brethren
 
Title:
ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܡܪܬܝܢܘܬܐ: ܕܠܘܬ ܐܚ̈ܐ ܐܝ̈ܚܝܕܝܐ
Item 35 (Fol. 249a): A doctrine
 
Title:
ܡܠܦܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܪ̈ܥܝܢܝܢ. ܕܐܡ̣ܝܪܐ ܠܗ̣. ܒܢ̈ܝ̣ܫܐ ܣ̈ܓܝܐܐ. ܕܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܟܠܚܕ ܚܕ ܡܢܗܘܢ̣. ܡ̇ܠܘܐܐ ܕܦܬܓܡ̈ܐ ܒܣܘܟܠܐ
Item 36 (Fol. 255a): Questions and answers
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܝܘܚܢܢ. ܕܪܒܐ ܘܕܬܠܡܝܕܗ
Item 37 (Fol. 275b): Heads of doctrine, in four sections
 
Title:
ܢܝ̈ܫ̣ܐ ܕܡܠܦܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܡ̣ܝܪ̈ܝܢ ܒ̈ܦܣܝܩܬܐ ܠܟܠ ܪ̈ܥܝܢܝܢ܆ ܏ܘܫ
Item 38 (Fol. 279b): On prayer
 
Title:
ܕܥܠ ܨܠܘܬܐ
  Incipit: ܐܘ ܐܚܘܢ̣. ܠܐ ܬܣ̣ܒܪ ܕܨܠܘܬܐ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܘܠܐ ܬܣ̣ܒܪ ܕܒܡ̈ܠܐ ܡܬܝ̇ܠܦܐ. ܫܡ̣ܥ ܕܝܢ ܡܢܝ ܗ̇ܝ ܕܫܪܝܪܐ̣. ܕܨܠܘܬܐ ܪܘܚܢܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܘܡܢ ܬܢܝܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ̣. ܠܐ ܡܬܓܡ̣ܪܐ.
Item 39 (Fol. 282a): A discourse of Ephraim
 
Title:
ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܣܝ̣ܡ ܠܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ. ܥܠ ܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܥܘܗ̈ܕܢܝܢ
Item 40 (Fol. 287b): Admonitory and penitential hymns of Jacob of Batnae [defective]
 
Title:
ܬܘܒ ܡ̈ܥܢܝܬܐ ܕܡܪܬܝܢܘܬܐ ܘܕܬܘܼܬ̇ ܢܦܫܐ: ܕܡܪܝ ܝܥܩܘܒ: ܥܠ ܩܠܐ ܕܩ̈ܘܩܝܐ
  Incipit: ܐܲ. ܬܪ̈ܬܝܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܒܗܢܐ ܥܠܡܐ. ܚܕܐ ܩܛܝ̣ܢܐ ܘܐܠܝ̇ܨܐ ܘܠܚ̈ܝܐ ܡܘܒܠܐ. ܗܕܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܦܬܝܐ ܘܪܘܝ̣ܚܐ. ܘܠܓܘ ܡܢܗ̇ ܢܘܪܐ ܗ̇ܝ ܐܟܠܬܐ. ܬܘ ܐ̈ܚܝ ܢܛ̇ܝܒ ܙܘ̈ܕܐ̣ ܥܕ ܐܝܬ ܠܢ ܐܬܪܐ. ܕܠܐ ܢܐܡܪ ܠܢ ܒܪ ܡ̇ܠܟܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܕܥ̇ ܐ̣ܢܐ ܠܟܘܢ.܀.
Note: Only part of the first remains.

Additions

N.B., folio location may not be available for some items below.
N.B., items below may have been listed out of folio order in Wright's catalogue.
Addition 1 (Fol. 63a): The original writing on fol. 63 a has been erased, and other words substituted by a later hand.
Addition 2: At the end of the history of Serapion (Item 24), we find the letter of Theophilus of Alexandria to the convent of Pachomius . ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܒܘܝܐܐ ܕܟܬ̣ܒ ܬܐܘܦܝܠܘܣ ܘܠܒܢ̈ܘܗܝ ܠܦܟܘܡ
Addition 3 (Fol. 281a): The last two pieces (Items 39 & 40) are a later addition, but by the same hand as the rest of the volume. Colophon, fol. 281 a: ܫ̣ܠܡ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܟܘ̈ܢܫܐ ܕܐ̈ܒܗܬܐ ܩ̈ܕܝܫܐ. ܨܠܘܬܗܘܢ ܬܥ̇ܕܪ ܠܟܠ ܕܐܫܬ̣ܘܬܦ ܠܥܠܡܝܢ ܐܡܝܢ܀ ܫܘܒܚܐ ܠܐܒܐ ܏ܘܫ
Addition 4 (Fol. 281a): The Colophon is followed by a note, giving the name of the scribe, the priest Theodosius. ܟܠ ܕܩ̇ܪܐ ܒܟܬܒܐ ܗܢܐ̣. ܢܨ̇ܠܐ ܥܠ ܚ̇ܛܝܐ ܬܐܘܕܘܣܝ܇ ܘܟܕ ܠܐ ܫ̇ܘܐ̣ ܩܫܝܫܐ. ܕܢܬܚ̣ܢܢ ܐܝܟ ܓܝ̇ܣܐ ܕܡܢ ܝܡܝܢܐ ܐܝܢ ܘܐܡܝܢ܀
Addition 5 (Fol. 281b): On fol. 281 b is a note, stating that this manuscript was written by the said Theodosius, for the Tagritan monks Matthew, Abraham and Jacob, who deposited it in the convent of S. Mary Deipara, at the time when Dionysius was patriarch of Antioch , Jacob patriarch of Egypt , and Basil metropolitan of Tagrit . Now Dionysius of Tell-mahar sat A.D. 818—845; Jacob sat A.D. 819—836; and Basil of Tagrit died A.D. 830 (see Assemani, Bibl. Or., t. ii., p. 434). Consequently, this manuscript was written between A.D. 819 and 830. ܣܡ̣ܘ ܣܝ̣ܡܬܐ ܗܕܐ ܪܘܚܢܝܬܐ. ܡܢ ܡܕܡ ܕܙܢ̇ܬ ܐܢܘܢ ܛܝܒܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ̣. ܡܪܝ ܡܬܝ ܘܐܒܪܗܡ ܘܝܥܩܘܒ. ܐܚ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܘܚܢܝܐ. ܡܢ ܬܓܪܝܬ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܟܪ̈ܣܛܝܢܐ ܫܪ̈ܝܪܐ. ܘܡܛܪܘܦܠܝܛܝܣ ܕܡܕܢ̈ܚܝܐ. ܣܡ̣ܘܗ̇ ܕܝܢ ܠܣܝ̣ܡܬܐ ܗܕܐ ܒܡܕܒܪܐ ܕܐܣ̈ܩܝܛܝ. ܡܛܠ ܦܘܪܩܢܐ ܕܢܦܫ̈ܬܗܘܢ̣. ܏ܘܫ. ܐܬܬܣܝ̣ܡ ܐܘ ܟܝܬ ܐܬܟ̣ܬܒ ܟܬܒܐ ܗܢܐ̣. ܒܝܘ̈ܡܝ ܛܘ̈ܒܬܢܐ ܦܐܛܪ̈ܝܐܪܟܐ ܕܝܠܢ: ܕܝ݊ܢܘܣ݊ܝܘ݊ܣ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ. ܘܝ݊ܥܩ݊ܘ݊ܒ ܕܡܨܪ̈ܝܐ. ܐܘ ܟܝܬ ܕܐܠܟܣܢܕܪ̈ܝܐ. ܘܒܣ݊ܝܠܝܘܣ ܡܝܛܪܘܦܠܝܛܐ ܕܬܓܪܝܬ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ. ܕܒܝܕ ܨܠܘܬܗ̈ܘܢ ܚܣ̈ܝܬܐ ܘܩ̈ܕܝܫܬܐ̣. ܢܪܡ̣ܐ ܐܠܗܐ ܫܝܢܗ ܘܫܠܡܗ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܟܠܗ. ܝܕܝܥܐܝܬ ܒ̈ܥܕܬܐ ܘܕܝܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܩ̈ܕܝܫܬܐ. ܘܥܠ ܡܪ̈ܘܗܝ ܕܟܬܒܐ̣. ܢܗܘܘܢ ܪ̈ܚ̣ܡܐ ܒܬܪ̈ܝܗܘܢ ܥ̈ܠܡܐ. ܏ܘܫ. ܟܠ ܕܩ̇ܪܐ ܒܟܬܒܐ ܗܢܐ̣. ܡܛܠ ܡܪܢ ܢܨ̇ܠܐ ܥܠ ܚ̇ܛܝܐ ܘܣܢܝܩ ܥܠ ܪ̈ܚܡܐ. ܥܠ ܬܐܘܕܘܣܝ ܡܚܝ̣ܠܐ ܕܟܠ ܐܢܫ ܕܟܬ̣ܒ ܠܟܬܒܐ ܗܢܐ̣ ܐܝܟ ܚܝܠܗ. ܏ܘܫ.
Addition 6 (Fol. 2a): On fol. 2 a is a later note, the former portion of which consists of the usual anathemas, whilst the latter portion informs us that this was one of the books conveyed to the convent of S. Mary Deipara by the abbat Moses of Nisibis in the year 1308 (A.D. 997). Here there is a double mistake, as Moses did not set out on his journey for at least a hundred years after the book was written, expressly for the convent, and returned to Scete in 1243 (A.D. 932). Probably A.D. 997 was the year in which this note was written, and the writer inadvertently substituted it for A.D. 932. ܗܘܬ ܡܐܬܝܬܐ ܕܟ̈ܬܒܐ ܗܠܝܢ ܠܕܝܪܐ ܗܕܐ ܥܠ ܐܝܕ̈ܘܗܝ ܕܡܘܫܐ ܪܝܫܕܝܪܐ ܕܕܝܪܐ ܗܕܐ ܕܝ̇ܠܕܬ ܐܠܗܐ ܒܫܢܬ ܐܠܦ ܘܬܠܬ ܡܐܐ ܘܬܡ̈ܢܝܐ. ܘܐܙܠ ܡܛܠܬܗܘܢ ܕܗܠܝܢ ܟ̈ܬܒܐ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܒܓܕܕ ܘܠܬܓܪܝܬ ܘܠܡܘܨܠ ܘܐܝܬܝ ܐܢܘܢ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܢܗܘܘܢ ܠܒܘܚܐ ܕܐܚ̈ܐ ܕܥܡܪܝܢ ܗܪܟܐ̣ ܣܘܓܗܘܢ ܡܢ ܡܗܝ̈ܡܢܐ. ܝܬܝܪܐܝܬ ܬܓܪ̈ܝܬܢܝܐ ܕܢܗܘܘܢ ܠـ . . . ܬܐ ܥܘܗܕܢܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܗܕܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ. ܏ܘܫ.
Addition 7 (Fol. 1): Fol. 1, which is much mutilated, contains, on the verso, part of a prayer; and on the recto, a Cross, with an inscription, now partially effaced.
Addition 8: There are some ornamental devices in this manuscript; e.g., on foll. 15 b, 127 a, 164 a, and 167 a.

How to Cite This Entry

David A. Michelson et al., “London, BL, Add. 17172” in , last modified April 21, 2023, https://bl.syriac.uk/ms/824.

Bibliography:

David A. Michelson et al., “London, BL, Add. 17172.” In , edited by ., edited by D. Michelson et al.. Syriaca.org: The Syriac Reference Portal, 2023. Entry published April 21, 2023. https://bl.syriac.uk/ms/824.

About this Entry

Entry Title: London, BL, Add. 17172

Authorial and Editorial Responsibility:

  • David A. Michelson, general editor, Syriaca.org: The Syriac Reference Portal
  • , editor,
  • David A. Michelson, Robert Aydin, and Jessica Pagan, entry contributors, “London, BL, Add. 17172”

Additional Credit:

  • Created by Jessica Pagan
  • Based on the work of William Wright
  • Edited by Lindsay Ruth
  • Syriac text entered by Robert Aydin
  • Greek and coptic text entry and proofreading by Ryan Stitt
  • Project management by William L. Potter
  • English text entry and proofreading by Syriac Research Group, University of Alabama
  • Decoration information encoded by Alexys Ahn
  • Decorations identified and categorized by Beth Maczka
  • Folio extent edited by Kurt Urban
  • Editorial review by Carlo Emilio Biuzzi
  • Record proofreading by Andrew Draper
  • Record proofreading by Kurt Urban

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